Most of the nickel produced is not used for New Caledonian consumption. It is exported to China, South Korea, Japan, Taiwan, the EU, France, and Australia (see Figure 5). These countries are amongst the biggest consumers of nickel in the world. In that perspective, approximately half of New Caledonia’s material footprint is imputable to the consumption of these nickel-importing countries, which are therefore responsible at the end of the chain for these environmental impacts.